Which emotions are considered negative affective states resulting from strain?

The identification of fear, anger, frustration, and disappointment as negative affective states resulting from strain is rooted in the principles of strain theory, which suggests that negative experiences or pressure can lead to adverse emotional responses. Strain often arises from situations such as failure to achieve goals, loss of a loved one, or exposure to negative environments. These emotional responses are typically categorized as negative because they can hinder an individual's ability to cope effectively and may lead to maladaptive behaviors, including delinquency.

For instance, fear might arise from threats to safety, which can lead to withdrawal or aggressive behaviors; anger can emerge from perceived injustices or unmet expectations, potentially resulting in confrontations or rebellious actions; frustration often follows repeated failures to achieve desired outcomes, leading to possible escalation in behavior; and disappointment can stem from unmet aspirations or broken relationships, which may influence a youth's outlook on their future and encourage negative coping mechanisms.

In contrast, the other choices represent positive emotional states, which do not arise from strain but instead reflect situations where individuals are likely to feel fulfilled, motivated, or content. These states are generally associated with positive experiences, enhancing resilience and constructive coping rather than leading to delinquent behavior.